Heliophysics

Comprehensive Solar Wind Laboratory for Long-Term Solar Wind Measurements

In-Situ Probe · Directed · Agency-led · Launched on November 1, 1994 · Extended Mission · LCC: $558M/$1.4B (2025 $)Life-cycle cost: NASA’s reported cost to build, launch, and operate a mission through its prime mission, plus documented partner contributions, in 2025 dollars. Extended missions are not included. Methods · Wikipedia

Scope Active Mission WindowActivePapers published from the first full month after science operations begin through two years after the mission ends. Citations are counted through the third calendar year after each paper appears. For WIND, papers published December 1, 1994 to January 1, 2024. Methods LifetimeLifetimeEvery tracked publication to date, with every citation to date. For WIND, papers published from 1995 to November 3, 2026. Methods
Tracked publicationsTracked publications: peer-reviewed papers we found that name the mission or its instruments in their titles, abstracts, or keywords. Papers that used the data without naming it are missed. Methods1,782
CitationsCitations: every citation these publications have drawn to date. Older missions have had longer to collect them. Methods70,099
Citation indices
h-indexh-index: the largest h such that h papers have at least h citations each. It only grows with time, so older missions score higher. Methods120
g-indexg-index: the largest g for which the g most-cited papers together hold at least g² citations. Like the h-index, but it lets the most-cited papers count for more. Methods192
m-indexm-index: a mission’s h-index divided by the years since its first peer-reviewed paper. It falls every 1 January even when nothing else changes; the figure shown is as of November 3, 2026. It also discounts the long operating life that larger missions paid for. Methods3.8
toritori (total research impact, from SciX): for every paper citing one of the mission’s papers, 1 divided by the citing paper’s reference count times the cited paper’s author count, summed, with self-citations removed. It favors citations from papers with short reference lists and from outside the mission’s own authors. Computed over the tracked citation graph, which can be slightly incomplete. Always over every tracked publication to date, whichever scope is chosen. Methods401
riqriq (research impact quotient): 1,000 times the square root of tori, divided by the years since the mission’s first paper. A rate, not a total, so it does not keep growing with age the way the h-index and tori do. Like tori, always over every tracked publication to date. Methods626

Publications and citations by year (lifetime)

Publications per yearCumulative citations

Institutional contributions (lifetime)The institutions SciX lists for each paper’s authors, as printed on the paper, located through the Research Organization Registry. A square counts a paper once, however many of its authors worked there. Methods

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Tracked publications over the lifetime (1,782)

All publications CSV · JSON

  1. The Wind Magnetic Field Investigation

    Lepping, R. P., 1995, SSRv

    1,488 lifetime citations

  2. Solar wind spatial scales in and comparisons of hourly Wind and ACE plasma and magnetic field data

    King, J. H., 2005, JGRA

    1,242 lifetime citations

  3. SWE, A Comprehensive Plasma Instrument for the Wind Spacecraft

    Ogilvie, K. W., 1995, SSRv

    1,197 lifetime citations

  4. A Three-Dimensional Plasma and Energetic Particle Investigation for the Wind Spacecraft

    Lin, R. P., 1995, SSRv

    906 lifetime citations

  5. Waves: The Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation on the Wind Spacecraft

    Bougeret, J.-L., 1995, SSRv

    873 lifetime citations

  6. Coronal Mass Ejections: Observations

    Webb, David F., 2012, LRSP

    736 lifetime citations

  7. Improvement in the prediction of solar wind conditions using near-real time solar magnetic field updates

    Arge, C. N., 2000, JGR

    729 lifetime citations

  8. Observational constraints on the dynamics of the interplanetary magnetic field dissipation range

    Leamon, Robert J., 1998, JGR

    702 lifetime citations

  9. In situ detection of collisionless reconnection in the Earth's magnetotail

    Øieroset, M., 2001, Natur

    481 lifetime citations

  10. Solar wind proton temperature anisotropy: Linear theory and WIND/SWE observations

    Hellinger, Petr, 2006, GeoRL

    478 lifetime citations

  11. Predicting the 1-AU arrival times of coronal mass ejections

    Gopalswamy, Nat, 2001, JGR

    399 lifetime citations

  12. Shock Geometry, Seed Populations, and the Origin of Variable Elemental Composition at High Energies in Large Gradual Solar Particle Events

    Tylka, A. J., 2005, ApJ

    390 lifetime citations

  13. Measuring the cosmological parameters with the Eₚ,ᵢ-Eᵢₛₒ correlation of gamma-ray bursts

    Amati, Lorenzo, 2008, MNRAS

    386 lifetime citations

  14. The association of coronal mass ejections with their effects near the Earth

    Schwenn, R., 2005, AnGeo

    363 lifetime citations

  15. Properties of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections at One AU During 1995 2004

    Jian, L., 2006, SoPh

    351 lifetime citations

  16. Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of the solar corona during Whole Sun Month

    Linker, J. A., 1999, JGR

    339 lifetime citations

  17. Stream structure and coronal sources of the solar wind during the May 12th, 1997 CME

    Arge, C. N., 2004, JASTP

    333 lifetime citations

  18. Radial evolution of the electron distribution functions in the fast solar wind between 0.3 and 1.5 AU

    Maksimovic, M., 2005, JGRA

    331 lifetime citations

  19. Dissipation range dynamics: Kinetic Alfvén waves and the importance of βₑ

    Leamon, Robert J., 1999, JGR

    325 lifetime citations

  20. Evidence for Electron Acceleration up to ~300 keV in the Magnetic Reconnection Diffusion Region of Earth's Magnetotail

    Øieroset, M., 2002, PhRvL

    314 lifetime citations

How we found these papers

We searched NASA’s Science Explorer (SciX) for peer-reviewed articles naming WIND in the title, abstract or keywords; standard filters drop articles that are not peer-reviewed and magazine pieces.

(((((=abs:"Wind spacecraft" OR =abs:"Konus-Wind" OR =abs:"Wind/Konus" OR =abs:"Transient Gamma-Ray Spectrometer" OR ((=abs:"Wind satellite" OR (=abs:"Wind observations" AND NOT abs:("solar wind observations" OR "polar wind" OR "stellar wind" OR "neutral wind" OR "wind speed" OR "wind field")) OR =abs:"Wind/3DP" OR =abs:"Wind/MFI" OR =abs:"Wind/SWE" OR =abs:"Wind/EPACT" OR =abs:"Wind/STICS" OR (=abs:"Wind/WAVES" AND NOT =abs:"solar wind waves") OR abstract:WIND OR title:WIND OR abs:EPACT OR abs:3DP) AND abs:(="solar wind" OR interplanetary OR magnetosphere OR magnetosheath OR heliosphere OR "bow shock" OR =foreshock OR "gamma-ray burst" OR GRB OR "radio burst" OR "magnetic cloud")) OR (abs:TGRS AND abs:(positron OR annihilation OR "gamma-ray line" OR "gamma-ray burst")) OR ((=abs:"ACE and Wind" OR =abs:"Wind and ACE" OR =abs:"Explorer and Wind" OR =abs:"Wind and Advanced Composition Explorer" OR =abs:"Wind and Geotail" OR =abs:"Geotail and Wind" OR =abs:"Wind and IMP" OR =abs:"IMP-8 and Wind" OR =abs:"Ulysses and Wind" OR =abs:"Wind and Ulysses" OR =abs:"STEREO and Wind" OR =abs:"Wind and STEREO" OR =abs:"SOHO and Wind" OR =abs:"Wind and SOHO" OR =abs:"Wind and DSCOVR" OR =abs:"DSCOVR and Wind" OR =abs:"Helios and Wind" OR =abs:"Wind and Helios" OR =abs:"PSP and Wind" OR =abs:"Wind and PSP" OR =abs:"Parker Solar Probe and Wind" OR =abs:"Wind and Parker Solar Probe") AND NOT (=abs:"solar wind and ACE" OR =abs:"solar wind and Advanced" OR =abs:"solar wind and Geotail" OR =abs:"solar wind and IMP" OR =abs:"solar wind and Ulysses" OR =abs:"solar wind and STEREO" OR =abs:"solar wind and SOHO" OR =abs:"solar wind and Helios" OR =abs:"solar wind and PSP" OR =abs:"solar wind and Parker") AND abs:(="solar wind" OR interplanetary OR magnetosphere OR magnetosheath OR heliosphere OR "bow shock" OR =foreshock OR "magnetic cloud"))))) OR facility:Wind OR =abs:"Wind 3D Plasma")) AND property:refereed AND doctype:article AND pubdate:[1994-12 TO 2040-01] AND NOT bibstem:("A&R" OR "ACPD" OR "AIASJ" OR "AMTD" OR "AeAm" OR "AirSp" OR "AsNow" OR "AsUAI" OR "AvWST" OR "BGD" OR "C&E" OR "C&T" OR "CAPJ" OR "CliPD" OR "E&S" OR "ENews" OR "ESDD" OR "ESSDD" OR "ESuDD" OR "GID" OR "GMDD" OR "GeCAS" OR "HESSD" OR "IrAJ" OR "JCos" OR "JRASC" OR "LAstr" OR "MNSSA" OR "Met" OR "NHESD" OR "NPGD" OR "NewSc" OR "OcScD" OR "Orion" OR "PhT" OR "PhTea" OR "PhuZ" OR "PhyOJ" OR "PhyW" OR "PlR" OR "SOILD" OR "SciAm" OR "SpFl" OR "TCD" OR "ZemVs")

Open in SciX

Removed after review (13)

  1. Kinetic Alfven Wave Re-Excitation and Turbulence Spectrum in the Solar WIND(b) About the solar wind; not the Wind spacecraft. Decision 🤖
  2. Radial evolution of nonthermal electron populations in the low-latitude solar wind: Helios, Cluster, and Ulysses Observations Uses Helios, Cluster and Ulysses data; does not mention the Wind spacecraft. Decision 🤖
  3. Can CSP and wind coexist? About wind power; not the Wind spacecraft. Decision 🤖
  4. POTENTIAL OF ENERGY GENERATION BY INTRODUCTION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND SMALL WIND POWER SYSTEM IN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN JAPAN About wind power; not the Wind spacecraft. Decision 🤖
  5. Formation of Heliospheric Arcs of Slow Solar Wind Simulation of the slow solar wind; does not mention the Wind spacecraft. Decision 🤖
  6. Interaction of the solar wind with comets: a Rosetta perspective Rosetta comet study; does not mention the Wind spacecraft. Decision 🤖
  7. Predictions for the First Parker Solar Probe Encounter Model predictions for Parker Solar Probe; does not mention the Wind spacecraft. Decision 🤖
  8. The Solar Orbiter Solar Wind Analyser (SWA) suite Describes Solar Orbiter's Solar Wind Analyser; not the Wind spacecraft. Decision 🤖
  9. On Stochastic Heating and Its Phase-space Signatures in Low-beta Kinetic Turbulence Plasma turbulence theory; does not mention the Wind spacecraft. Decision 🤖
  10. Solar Wind Protons Forming Partial Ring Distributions at Comet 67P Rosetta comet study; does not mention the Wind spacecraft. Decision 🤖
  11. International Coordination of Solar Terrestrial Science Overview of international solar-terrestrial programme plans; reports no results. Decision 🤖
  12. The Plasma Ion and Electron Instruments for the Genesis Mission Instrument description of the Genesis plasma monitors; a different mission. Decision 🤖
  13. In-Flight Calibration of the NEAR Magnetometer Calibration of the NEAR magnetometer; uses Wind only as a comparison reference. Decision 🤖