Astrophysics

GP-B

124 tracked publications and 3,729 citations from 2004–2026. Gravity Probe B. Launched 2004. Life-cycle cost: $1.4B in 2025 dollars. Active Mission Window September 1, 2004 to January 1, 2013: 61 publications, 2 top-10% credit.

Pointed Observatory · h-index 28 · 5 papers with 100+ citations · prime mission ended 2005

Lifetime

Scope Papers published from the first full month after science operations begin through 2 years after the mission ends. Citations are counted through the third calendar year after each paper appears. Methods Papers published from the first full month after science operations begin through 2 years after the prime mission ends. Citations are counted through the third calendar year after each paper appears. Methods Every tracked publication to date, with every citation to date. Methods

Key measures

Active Mission Window · papers September 1, 2004 to January 1, 2013
Tracked publicationsTracked publications: peer-reviewed research papers we found for the mission. The list may not be complete. Methods61
CitationsCitations received by the tracked publications in the selected scope. The two windowed scopes count each paper’s citations only within its citation window. Methods677
Mean citations per publicationMean citations: total citations divided by tracked publications in the selected scope. One blockbuster paper can lift it. Methods11
Median citations per publicationMedian citations: the middle paper’s citation count in the selected scope; half the papers have more, half fewer. A single blockbuster sways it less than the mean. Methods7
Uncited publicationsUncited publications: papers with no citations in the selected scope. Methods9 (15%)
Top-10% creditTop 10%: among the 10% most-cited papers from this division’s missions, ranked against papers published around the same time. A paper naming several missions is split evenly among the missions in this division that claim it, so counts can be fractional. Methods2 · 0.04% of division
Top-1% creditTop 1%: among the 1% most-cited papers from this division’s missions within the selected window. Not adjusted for publication year. A paper naming several missions is split evenly among the missions in this division that claim it, so counts can be fractional. Methods1 · 0.20% of division
Lifetime indices · every tracked publication to date, in any scope
h-indexh-index: the largest h such that h papers have at least h citations each. It only grows with time, so older missions score higher. Methods28
g-indexg-index: the largest g for which the g most-cited papers together hold at least g² citations. Like the h-index, but it lets the most-cited papers count for more. Methods58
m-index, as of October 4, 2026m-index: a mission’s h-index divided by the years since its first peer-reviewed paper. It falls every 1 January even when nothing else changes, so it belongs to the date shown; it also discounts the long operating life that larger missions paid for. Methods1.2
toritori (total research impact, from ADS): for every paper citing one of the mission’s papers, 1 divided by the citing paper’s reference count times the cited paper’s author count, summed, with self-citations removed. It favors citations from papers with short reference lists and from outside the mission’s own authors. Computed over the tracked citation graph, which can be slightly incomplete. Methods35
riqriq (research impact quotient): 1,000 times the square root of tori, divided by the years since the mission’s first paper. A rate, not a total, so it does not keep growing with age the way the h-index and tori do. Methods256

Tracked publications

  1. Gravity Probe B: Final Results of a Space Experiment to Test General Relativity

    Everitt, C. W. F., 2011, PhRvL

    744 citations

  2. A confirmation of the general relativistic prediction of the Lense-Thirring effect

    Ciufolini, I., 2004, Natur

    413 citations

  3. Constraints on perturbative f(R) gravity via neutron stars

    Arapoǧlu, Savaș, 2011, JCAP

    201 citations

  4. The Gravity Probe B test of general relativity

    Everitt, C. W. F., 2015, CQGra

    125 citations

  5. Slowly rotating stars and black holes in dynamical Chern-Simons gravity

    Ali-Haïmoud, Yacine, 2011, PhRvD

    105 citations

  6. Constraining torsion with Gravity Probe B

    Mao, Yi, 2007, PhRvD

    97 citations

  7. On the 1/c expansion of f(R) gravity

    Näf, Joachim, 2010, PhRvD

    90 citations

  8. Tests of Lorentz Symmetry in the Gravitational Sector

    Hees, Aurélien, 2016, Univ

    87 citations

  9. New Post-Newtonian Parameter to Test Chern-Simons Gravity

    Alexander, Stephon, 2007, PhRvL

    85 citations

  10. On Poincaré gauge theory of gravity, its equations of motion, and Gravity Probe B

    Hehl, Friedrich W., 2013, PhLA

    84 citations

  11. Constraining models of extended gravity using Gravity Probe B and LARES experiments

    Capozziello, S., 2015, PhRvD

    68 citations

  12. New pulsar limit on local Lorentz invariance violation of gravity in the standard-model extension

    Shao, Lijing, 2014, PhRvD

    67 citations

  13. Can Gravity Probe B usefully constrain torsion gravity theories?

    Flanagan, Éanna É., 2007, PhRvD

    65 citations

  14. On-orbit performance of Gravity Probe B drag-free translation control and orbit determination

    Li, J., 2007, AdSpR

    60 citations

  15. Gravitomagnetic Influence on Gyroscopes and on the Lunar Orbit

    Murphy, T. W., Jr., 2007, PhRvL

    58 citations

  16. Limits on violations of Lorentz symmetry from Gravity Probe B

    Bailey, Quentin G., 2013, PhRvD

    57 citations

  17. Empirical Foundations of the Relativistic Gravity

    Ni, Wei-Tou, 2005, IJMPD

    47 citations

  18. Constraints on noncommutative spectral action from Gravity Probe B and torsion balance experiments

    Lambiase, Gaetano, 2013, JCAP

    45 citations

  19. Lorentz symmetry and very long baseline interferometry

    Le Poncin-Lafitte, C., 2016, PhRvD

    43 citations

  20. Spontaneous Lorentz symmetry-breaking constraints in Kalb-Ramond gravity

    Junior, Ednaldo L. B., 2024, EPJC

    42 citations

How we found these papers

We searched NASA’s Astrophysics Data System (ADS) for peer-reviewed articles naming GP-B in the title, abstract or keywords; standard filters drop articles that are not peer-reviewed and magazine pieces. SciX is ADS’s current interface.

((=abs:"Gravity Probe B" OR (=abs:"GP B" AND abs:(gyroscope OR relativity)))) AND property:refereed AND doctype:article AND pubdate:[2004-09 TO 2040-01] AND NOT bibstem:("A&R" OR "AIASJ" OR "AeAm" OR "AirSp" OR "AsNow" OR "AsUAI" OR "AvWST" OR "C&E" OR "C&T" OR "CAPJ" OR "E&S" OR "ENews" OR "IrAJ" OR "JCos" OR "JRASC" OR "LAstr" OR "MNSSA" OR "Met" OR "NewSc" OR "Orion" OR "PhT" OR "PhTea" OR "PhuZ" OR "PhyOJ" OR "PhyW" OR "PlR" OR "SciAm" OR "SpFl" OR "ZemVs")

Open in SciX

Removed after review (23)

  1. The confrontation between general relativity and experiment Mentions GP-B only as an upcoming experiment; uses none of its results. Decision 🤖
  2. Are artificial satellites orbits influenced by an expanding Earth? Mentions GP-B only as a model for future satellites; uses none of its data. Decision 🤖
  3. Was Einstein right? Mentions GP-B only as a future experiment that could test relativity; uses none of its results. Decision 🤖
  4. COMMENTS, REPLIES AND NOTES: Comment on 'Evidence of the gravitomagnetic field of Mars' Comment on another paper about Mars Global Surveyor; mentions GP-B only for comparison. Decision 🤖
  5. Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle:. Overview and Progress Overview of the proposed STEP mission; mentions GP-B only as technology heritage. Decision 🤖
  6. 2011CQGra..28i4015D History of drag-free spacecraft technology; mentions GP-B only as one past flight. Decision 🤖
  7. 2011EL.....9630002R Reply to a comment on LAGEOS frame-dragging results; names GP-B only via the paper it answers. Decision 🤖
  8. At Long Last, Gravity Probe B Satellite Proves Einstein Right News story on the GP-B result; not a research paper. Decision 🤖
  9. Hydroxide catalysis bonding for astronomical instruments Review of an optical bonding technique; mentions GP-B only as an early application. Decision 🤖
  10. Ground testing and flight demonstration of charge management of insulated test masses using UV-LED electron photoemission Describes a charge-management demonstration on another satellite; mentions GP-B only as heritage. Decision 🤖
  11. Measuring general relativistic dragging effects in the Earth’s gravitational field with ELXIS: a proposal Proposes a new relativity satellite; quotes GP-B only for current accuracy levels. Decision 🤖
  12. Flight and ground demonstration of reproducibility and stability of photoelectric properties for passive charge management using LEDs Describes a charge-management demonstration on another satellite; mentions GP-B only as heritage. Decision 🤖
  13. Hydroxide-catalysis bonding for stable optical systems for space Develops an optical bonding technique for future missions; mentions GP-B only as its origin. Decision 🤖
  14. Focus issue: Gravity Probe B Editorial preface to a journal focus issue; not a research paper. Decision 🤖
  15. 2010AmJPh..78..925A Names GP-B only in a funding acknowledgement; not a GP-B study. Decision 🤖
  16. 2005AmJPh..73.1148A Names GP-B only in a funding acknowledgement; not a GP-B study. Decision 🤖
  17. 2008MNRAS.390..131A Names GP-B only in a funding acknowledgement; not a GP-B study. Decision 🤖
  18. 2008GApFD.102...75O Names GP-B only in a funding acknowledgement; not a GP-B study. Decision 🤖
  19. 2012PhRvD..85b5016A Names GP-B only in a funding acknowledgement; not a GP-B study. Decision 🤖
  20. 2008ApJ...680.1319S Names GP-B only in a funding acknowledgement; not a GP-B study. Decision 🤖
  21. 2010PhRvD..82b5004A Names GP-B only in a funding acknowledgement; not a GP-B study. Decision 🤖
  22. 2004PhRvB..70n4513N Names GP-B only in a funding acknowledgement; not a GP-B study. Decision 🤖
  23. 2007ApJ...668.1158O Names GP-B only in a funding acknowledgement; not a GP-B study. Decision 🤖